__getattr__函数的作用: 假如特点查找(attribute lookup)在实例以及对应的类中(经过__dict__)失败, 那么会调用到类的__getattr__函数;

假如没有定义这个函数,那么抛出AttributeError异常。由此可见,__getattr__一定是作用于特点查找的最后一步

举个栗子:

class A(object):
    def __init__(self, a, b):
        self.a1 = a
        self.b1 = b
        print('init')
    def mydefault(self, *args):
        print('default:' + str(args[0]))
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        print("other fn:", name)
        return self.mydefault
a1 = A(10, 20)
a1.fn1(33)
a1.fn2('hello')

运转结果:

init
other fn: fn1
default:33
other fn: fn2
default:hello

第16行调用fn1特点时,查找不到次特点,程序调用__getattr__办法

用__getattr__办法能够处理调用特点异常

class Student(object):
    def __getattr__(self, attrname):
        if attrname == "age":
            return 'age:40'
        else:
            raise AttributeError(attrname)
x = Student()
print(x.age)  # 40
print(x.name)

这儿定义一个Student类和实例x,并没有特点age,当执行x.age,就调用_getattr_办法动态创建一个特点,执行x.name时,__getattr__办法没有对其处理,抛出异常

age:40
  File "XXXX.py", line 10, in <module>
    print(x.name)
  File "XXXX.py", line 6, in __getattr__
    raise AttributeError(attrname)
AttributeError: name

下面展现一个_getattr_经典应用的例子,能够调用dict的键值

class ObjectDict(dict):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(ObjectDict, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        value = self[name]
        if isinstance(value, dict):
            value = ObjectDict(value)
        return value
if __name__ == '__main__':
    od = ObjectDict(asf = {'a': 1}, d = True)
    print(od.asf, od.asf.a)  # {'a': 1} 1
    print(od.d)  # True